Sabtu, 08 Desember 2012

Direct and Indirect Speech

Diposting oleh Unknown di 20.51

Direct dan Indirect Speech


Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).

Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.

Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").
  • He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
  • He asked me, "why do you come late."
1. Perubahan struktur kalimat
Sedangkan Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.
  • He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
  • He asked me, "why do you come late."
    Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:

    No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
    01 He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
    02 He asked me, "why do you come late." He asked me why I came late.
    03 He orderd me, "don't bring a bag." He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

    Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).

    Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:

    No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
    01 They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?" They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
    02 He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?" He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
    Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:

    No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
    01 He asked me, "why do you come late?" He asked me why you came late.
    02 He asked me, "what does she eat?" He asked me what she ate.
    03 He asked me, "when did you come?" He asked me when I came.
    04 He asked me, "who are you?" He asked me who I was.
    05 He asked me, "who is she?" He asked me who she was.

    2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

    Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.

    Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

    No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
    01 Simple Present Simple Past
    02 Present Continuous Past Continuous
    03 Present Future Past Future
    04 Present Perfect Past Perfect
    05 Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
    06 Simple Past Past Perfect
    07 Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

    Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

    No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
    01 V1 (eat) V2 (ate)
    02 V2 (ate) Had + V3 (had eaten)
    03 Am/is/are Was/were
    04 Do/does Did
    05 Do/does not Did not
    06 Did not Had not + V3
    07 Was/were Had been
    08 Am/is/are + V-ing Was/were + V-ing
    09 Was/were +V-ing Had been + V-ing
    10 Has/have + V3 Had + V3
    11 Will/shall/can/may/must Would/should/could/might/had to
    12 Could/might/should/would + V1/be Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

    3. Perubahan Pronoun

    Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).


    • Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
    • No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
      01 He said, ‘I am busy.’ He said that he was busy.
      02 She said, ‘I am unwell.’ She said that she was unwell.
      03 I said, ‘I will be late.’ I said that I would be late.
      04 They said, ‘We will not permit this.’ They said that they would not permit that.
      05 We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’ We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

    • Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
    • No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
      01 He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’ He told me that I had to go with him.
      02 She said to me, ‘You can go.’ She told me that I could go.
      03 She said to him, ‘You can go.’ She told him that he could go.
    • Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
    • No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
      01 He said, ‘She is a good girl.’ He said that she was a good girl.
      02 She said, ‘They have invited us.’ She said that they had invited them.
      03 They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’ They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.
    4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

    Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.

    No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
    01 Now Then
    02 To day That day
    03 Tomorrow The next day
    The day after
    The following day
    A day later
    04 Next ... The ... after
    The following ...
    05 Last ... The ... before
    The Previous ...
    06 ... ago ... before
    ... earlier
    07 Yesterday The day before
    The previous day
    The preceeding day
    08 The day before yesterday Two day before
    09 Here There
    10 This That
    11 These Those


    Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.


    Direct Speech Indirect Speech
    (+) He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
    (-)

    He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”


    He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
    (?)

    He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”


    He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
    (?)

    He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?

     He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
    (!)
    He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”

    He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
    (!) He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!” He ordered me not to bring my bag there.

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